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1 - Generational Differences in Life Course Trajectories of Indonesians in Their Mid-twenties: Comparing Millennials and Older Cohorts
- Edited by Ju-Lan Thung, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Maria Monica Wihardja, ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute
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- Book:
- Understanding the Role of Indonesian Millennials in Shaping the Nation's Future
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 13 April 2024
- Print publication:
- 02 January 2024, pp 10-39
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Summary
Life course events related to the transition to adulthood have been a critical part of social transformation within society. One's birth cohort or generation is argued to be one of the important determinants in explaining attitudes, beliefs and behaviours towards life course events. Therefore, to have a thorough understanding of the demographic behaviour of a society, it is important to examine generational differences in life course trajectories. Taking advantage of longitudinal information from the RAND Corporation's Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), this study examines generational differences in the occurrence and timing of marital unions, labour market entry, and first adult migration of Indonesians. By using descriptive and regression analysis, this study compares whether the life course transitions experienced by Indonesians in their mid-twenties have changed between the current young adult generation, the millennials, and older cohorts, i.e., Generation X and baby boomers. The study found distinctive characteristics in the transition to adulthood for each generation. Moreover, remarkable variations in educational attainment across the generations have had critical effects on the demographic behaviour patterns of young Indonesians. The findings of this study can provide insights into societal changes in Indonesia and act as a basis for designing social policies to anticipate potential future trends.
INTRODUCTION
Life course transitions are an integral part of an individual's life cycle. People face various options at critical stages in their life trajectories. Their choices might be shaped by distinctive attitudes, beliefs and behaviours and create societal changes over time. Major life course events, such as getting married, entering the labour market and moving out from the parental home constitute critical phases of transition to adulthood and play important roles as markers for social transition and intergenerational change in a society (Berngruber and Bethmann 2022).
An individual's birth cohort or generation may act as an important determinant of the shifts in the patterns of transition to adulthood. Birth cohorts reflect structural changes over time in a country, including changes in the governmental system and economic development (Vidal and Lutz 2018). Therefore, cohort effect explains how each generation has different behaviours due to variations in the temporal situations they experience. However, birth cohorts may not be sufficient to explain changes in people's behaviours over time. Variations in people's attitudes and behaviours can also be influenced by period and life course effects (Duffy 2021).
8 - Population and Human Capital Redistribution: Understanding Opportunities and Challenges in Mass Migration to Nusantara
- Edited by Julia M. Lau, ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute, Athiqah Nur Alami, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Siwage Dharma Negara, ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute, Yanuar Nugroho, ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute
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- Book:
- The Road to Nusantara
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 01 March 2024
- Print publication:
- 11 July 2023, pp 173-194
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Law No. 3 of 2022 on Indonesia's State Capital City (Ibu Kota Negara, IKN) has provided a legal framework for the development of Nusantara, the new capital city of Indonesia. The IKN's development is estimated to be accompanied by the mass in-migration of construction workers, civil servants and their family members, academics and researchers, and tertiary students. Around 1.7 to 1.9 million people are estimated to inhabit the new capital by 2045.
The residential mobility of around 250,000 construction workers and civil servants in 2024 would be the main feature of the initial phases of the capital relocation. Public service workers from particular institutions are prioritized to move earlier to Nusantara. These include the coordinating ministries, the triumvirate of the Ministries of Home Affairs, Foreign Affairs, and Defence, government agencies supporting the offices of the president and vice president and those responsible for development planning and budgeting, and law enforcement. In addition, civil servants from ministries that directly support the development of the IKN and agencies that work on basic needs services and human capital development are also targeted to migrate earlier. However, Annex II of the law states that not all public sector workers would be posted to the IKN. Several criteria have been defined as bases to assess how qualified civil servants are for the relocation, including their highest educational attainment, retirement age and performance evaluation.
In addition to being the centre of government-related activities, the IKN is designed to provide world-class tertiary education institutions focused on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), as well as specialized skills training. Although Indonesia has become one of the largest and fastest-growing tertiary education systems in the world, with approximately 7.6 million students enrolled in over 3,100 institutions, Indonesia's tertiary education system still faces problems like considerable variations in the quality of institutions. Based on the clustering of higher education institutions (HEIs) by the Ministry of Education and Culture in 2020, only fifteen Indonesian universities are acknowledged to have “excellent” academic performance and are classified in the first cluster.